十一、詹姆斯·康德黎：孙中山先生的良师益友
Sir James Cantlie: A Mentor and Close Friend of Dr. Sun Yat-sen
1922年，孙中山先生用英文撰写的《实业计划》正式出版。他在书的扉页上写道，“本著作谨献给康德黎爵士及其夫人，我崇敬的老师与挚友。我曾一度欠他们一条命。”康德黎爵士，即为19世纪末著名的苏格兰医学家詹姆斯·康德黎。
In 1922, Dr. Sun-Yat-sen officially published the English Edition of his book, The International Development of China. He wrote a deeply moving dedication on the frontispiece: "This work is affectionately dedicated to Sir James and Lady Cantlie, my revered teacher and devoted friends to whom I once owed my life." The key figure in this dedication was Sir James Cantlie, a prominent 19th-century Scottish physician.
（一）苏格兰走出的医学赤子
A Scottish Son of Medicine
1851年，康德黎出生于苏格兰班夫郡。他天资聪颖、特立独行，在阿伯丁大学读书时，是全校唯一一个坚持穿着苏格兰传统格子裙上课的医学生。26岁时，他便凭借高超的外科技艺，被破格吸纳为英国皇家外科医师学会院士。
Born in 1851 in Banffshire, Scotland, Sir James Cantlie was exceptionally gifted and had a strong mind. While studying at the University of Aberdeen, he was famously the only medical student who insisted on wearing traditional Scottish kilts to class. By the age of 26, his brilliant surgical skills earned him early admission as a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons(FRCS).
图：康德黎著《伤员急救指南》
Image: First Aid to the Injured by Sir James Cantlie.
在伦敦查令十字医院行医时，康德黎注意到当时的城市工人在面临突发工伤时，或因缺乏现场基础处置而失去生命。1878年，他接过亡友彼得·谢泼德的遗稿并重新修订。次年，他正式出版了人类医学史上第一本现代大众急救手册《伤员急救指南》。书中详细阐述了绷带包扎、伤口处理、担架抬送等标准流程。因为这本书的普及，康德黎被誉为现代公共急救学的奠基人。
While training at Charing Cross Hospital in London, Sir James Cantlie noticed the then urban workers facing sudden industrial injuries often lost their lives simply due to a lack of basic, immediate care at the scene. In 1878, he took over the draft notes of his late friend, Peter Shepherd, and revised them. The following year, he officially published the first modern first-aid manual for the public, First Aid to the Injured. The book detailed standardized procedures for bandaging, wound management, and stretcher transport. Thanks to the widespread adoption of this book, Sir James Cantlie is revered by later generations as a pioneer and founding father of modern public first-aid.
（二）香港西医学院教务长
The Dean of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese
图：附设于雅丽氏纪念医院内的香港西医学院
Image: The Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, which was affiliated with the Alice Memorial Hospital.
1887年，36岁的康德黎挥别故土，远赴香港。他与“热带医学之父”白文生、华人学者何启共同创办了香港西医学院，即香港大学医学院的前身，并于1889至1896年任医院教务长。1894年，香港爆发大鼠疫。在危急关头，康德黎始终坚守在生死前线，他全权负责视察收治重症的荔枝角医院，并不断向伦敦寄送鼠疫标本，协助瑞士裔法国科学家亚历山大·耶尔森成功发现鼠疫杆菌，及时挽救了无数生命。
In 1887, at the age of 36, Sir James Cantlie left his homeland and set sail for Hong Kong. He co-founded the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, the predecessor of the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong, alongside Patrick Manson, the “Father of Tropical Medicine,” and Chinese scholar Ho Kai. During the devastating plague of 1894, Sir James Cantlie stood firmly on the front lines, taking full charge of inspecting the Lai Chi Kok Hospital for severe cases. He continuously sent plague samples back to London, assisting the Swiss-French scientist Alexandre Yersin in successfully identifying the plague bacillus, which ultimately saved countless lives.
图：香港西医书院学生合照，前排右二为孙中山先生
Image: Group photo of students from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Dr. Sun Yat-sen is the second from the right in the front row.
在香港西医学院的教学中，康德黎对孙中山印象最深。他后来在书中写道，自己从未见过像孙中山这样的人。如果让自己说出所知道的最完美的人格，他会毫不犹豫地说是孙中山。孙品质文雅、勤奋求学，在学校和私人生活中都表现出绅士般的仪态，是其他同学的模范。
In the classrooms of the medical college, Sir James Cantlie met a compelling Chinese student, Sun Yat-sen. Sir James Cantlie later wrote in his book that, "I have never known anyone like Sun Yat Sen; if I were asked to name the most perfect character I ever knew, I would unhesitatingly say Sun Yat Sen." "He was a model student... I was impressed by Sun's gentle character, diligence, and upright conduct. In school and in private life, his demeanor was that of a gentleman, making him an example to his classmates."
求学五年间，孙中山不仅钻研医术，还广泛涉猎西方政治、军事、历史与科学知识，与康德黎的启发引导是分不开的。1892年，在毕业典礼上，康德黎亲手将学院第一个毕业文凭递到了孙中山手中。
During his five years of study, Sun did not just master medicine. He also read widely in Western politics, military, history and science, which is inseparable from the guidance and inspiration provided by his teacher. In 1892, at the college’s graduation ceremony, Sir James Cantlie personally handed the school’s very first medical diploma to Sun Yat-sen.
图：孙中山先生在香港西医学院就读时的答题卷（左）、香港西医学院师生送别结束在港教学生涯的康德黎的署名函（右）
Image: An examination answer sheet from Dr. Sun Yat-sen at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (left); a signed letter from the faculty and students of the college bidding farewell to Sir James Cantlie, who was concluding his teaching career in Hong Kong (right).
毕业后，孙中山前往澳门镜湖医院行医，成为澳门历史上第一位华人西医。他擅长外科和肺病治疗，医德医术颇受赞誉。在行医过程中，每逢遇到疑难重症，康德黎常常乘船从香港赶到澳门，给予他悉心指导。
After graduation, Dr. Sun Yat-sen went to the Kiang Wu Hospital in Macau, becoming the first Chinese physician to practice Western medicine there. He excelled in surgery and thoracic treatment, earning high praise for his skills and ethics. Whenever Sun faced complex or critical cases, Sir James Cantlie would regularly take a ferry from Hong Kong to Macau to offer hands-on professional guidance.
（三）伦敦营救
The Rescue in London
面对清政府的腐朽与中国人民的困苦，孙中山先生逐渐意识到，“医术救人，所济有限”。他认为医术只能治少数人，革命则能救多数人，毅然从“医人”走向了“全心医国”的道路。1894年11月，他在檀香山创立兴中会，第一次明确提出了“振兴中华”的口号。
Faced with the decay of the Qing Dynasty government and the plight of the Chinese people, Dr. Sun Yat-sen gradually realized that “medical arts cure individuals, but their reach is limited.”He concludes that medicine would only heal a few, whereas a revolution could save the majority, and transitioned from healing people to healing the nation. In November 1894, he founded the Revive China Society in Honolulu, raising the historic call to “Revitalize China.”
图：英《环球报》报道孙中山先生伦敦蒙难消息（左）、《图画报》报道孙中山先生获释新闻（右）
Image: The British newspaper The Globe reports on Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s imprisonment in London (left)；The Graphic reports the news of his release (right).
1895年10月，孙中山在广州发动武装起义失败，随后流亡海外。1896年9月，孙中山抵达伦敦，随即拜访了已于当年2月结束在香港教学生涯并返英的恩师康德黎。10月11日，孙中山在伦敦遭到清朝驻英公使馆的诱骗与囚禁，面临被秘密运送回国处决的危险。得知孙中山被囚后，康德黎先后要求伦敦警署和英国外交部采取行动，但无结果。于是他在英国《环球报》上首先披露了孙中山蒙难的消息，一时间各报转载，伦敦民众闻之大哗，造成了强大的舆论压力。清朝公使馆被迫于10月23日释放了孙中山。
In October 1895, Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s first armed uprising in Guangzhou failed, forcing him into a exile abroad. In September 1896, Sun arrived in London and immediately visited his teacher, who concluded his teaching career in Hong Kong and returned to the U.K. in February. On 11 October, Dr. Sun Yat-sen was lured into the Qing Dynasty Legation in London and imprisoned, awaiting covert extradition back to China for execution. Upon learning of the imprisonment, Sir James Cantlie hurried to the London police and the British Foreign Office. With no progress achieved, he took decisive action and revealed the news of Sun’s captivity to a British newspaper, The Globe. The news spread rapidly, and major British newspapers picked up the story, sparking widespread public outrage. Facing massive pressure, the Qing Dynasty Legation was forced to release Dr. Sun Yat-sen on 23 October.
图：1897年孙中山先生著《伦敦蒙难记》初版
Image: First edition of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Kidnapped in London in 1897.
重获自由后，孙中山用英文撰写了著名的《伦敦蒙难记》。书中，他忆及康德黎为营救他而全力四处奔走的场景，坦言自己“不禁感极而泣矣”。这次事件成为孙中山先生革命生涯的重大转折点，使他从此成为具有国际知名度的政治家和革命家。
After regaining his freedom, Dr. Sun Yat-sen wrote the famous Kidnapped in London in English. Recalling Cantlie’s tireless efforts to rescue him, Sun admitted that thinking of his teacher’s righteousness made him “cannot write this without tears.” This event became a major turning point in Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary career, catapulting him into international prominence as a recognized political and revolutionary figure.
（四）百年友谊
A century-long friendship
伟大的民族英雄、伟大的爱国主义者、中国民主革命的伟大先驱孙中山
Sun Yat-sen, great national hero, great patriot, and great pioneer of China's democratic revolution.
辛亥革命在孙中山先生领导和影响下，推翻了清朝统治，结束了统治中国几千年的封建君主专制制度。虽受制于历史进程和社会条件，辛亥革命没有完成实现民族独立、人民解放的历史任务，但拉开了近代以来中国发生深刻社会变革的序幕。中国共产党人是孙中山先生革命事业最坚定的支持者、最忠诚的合作者、最忠实的继承者，不断实现和发展了孙中山先生和辛亥革命先驱的伟大抱负，团结带领中国人民推动中华民族伟大复兴进入不可逆转的历史进程。
Under the leadership and influence of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal autocratic monarchy that had ruled China for millennia. Although constrained by the historical process and social conditions of the time, the Revolution of 1911 did not complete the historic task of achieving national independence and the liberation of the Chinese people, it ushered in profound social transformations in modern China. Chinese Communists have been the staunchest supporters, most loyal partners, and most faithful successors of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary cause. They have continuously realized and advanced the great aspirations of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and the pioneers of the Xinhai Revolution, uniting and leading the Chinese people in propelling the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation onto an irreversible historical course.
1912年1月1日，孙中山先生在南京宣布就职临时大总统。他在百忙之中致函康德黎夫妇:“当我从现在的地位回顾以往的艰辛与苦斗，念及你们始终不渝、令人难忘的深情厚谊时，使我更加感激你们。”
On 1 January 1912, Dr. Sun Yat-sen took the office in Nanjing as the Provisional President of the Republic of China. He took time out of his packed schedule to write a personal letter to Dr. And Mrs. Cantlie across the ocean. He wrote, “It makes me feel more grateful to you when from the present position I look back on my past of hardships and strenuous toil, and think of your kindnesses shown me all the while that I can never nor will forget.”
图：1921年詹姆斯·康德黎与谢里丹·琼斯著《孙中山与中国的觉醒》（左）；1922年孙中山先生著《实业计划》，在扉页中感谢康德黎夫妇（右）
Image: Sun Yat-sen and the Awakening of China by Sir James Cantlie and Sheridan Jones in 1921 (left); The International Development of China by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1922, featuring a dedication to the Cantlies on the frontispiece (right).
1921年，康德黎倾注心血写下《孙中山与中国的觉醒》一书，展现了对孙中山先生革命事业的坚定支持。1925年，孙中山先生在北京病逝，康德黎抱着年迈的身体出席了在英国举行的孙中山追悼会，在向英国公众报告孙中山先生光辉生平事迹时，这位老人情难自禁，声泪俱下。次年，康德黎也因病在英逝世，享年75岁。
In 1921, Sir James Cantlie wrote the book Sun Yat-sen and the Awakening of China, showing his steadfast support for Dr. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary cause. In 1925, Dr. Sun Yat-sen passed away in Beijing. Sir James Cantlie pushed through his own illness to attend a memorial service for Sun in London. While reporting on Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s extraordinary life and achievements to the British public, the elderly professor broke down in tears on stage. The following year, Sir James Cantlie passed away in London at the age of 75.
图：1956年，为纪念孙中山先生诞辰90周年，周恩来总理亲切接见詹姆斯·康德黎之子肯尼斯·康德黎
Image: To commemorate the 90th anniversary of the birth of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Premier Zhou Enlai met with Sir Kenneth Cantlie, the son of Sir James Cantlie in 1956.
康德黎与孙中山，相遇相知，亦师亦友，真挚情谊，终其一生，印证了中苏民众在追求现代医学、科学和正义的历程上，有着深厚的人文互信基础。这种互信互助的精神，是推动中苏友好交流合作再谱新篇的重要纽带。
Sir James Cantlie and Dr. Sun Yat-sen met and understood each other as both mentors and friends, sharing a sincere bond that lasted a lifetime, mirroring that the Chinese and the Scottish share a deep foundation of mutual trust in their joint pursuit of modern medicine, science and justice. This spirit of fostering mutual trust and assistance serves as a vital bond driving the friendly exchanges and cooperation between China and the Scotland to achieve new heights of success.
