九、威廉·唐纳·帕特里克：代表英国参与东京审判的苏格兰大法官
Lord William Donald Patrick：The Scottish Judge Representing the UK at the Tokyo Trials
1946年5月至1948年11月，由中、美、英、苏等11国代表组成的远东国际军事法庭，对日本军国主义发动侵略战争和实施严重战争罪行进行了正义审判。审判历经818次开庭，419名证人出庭，证据总数4336件，英文庭审记录近5万页。
From May 1946 to November 1948, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), composed of representatives from 11 countries including China, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, conducted a just trial of Japanese militarism for launching wars of aggression and committing grave war crimes. The IMTFE held a total of 818 court sessions, heard testimony from 419 witnesses, examined 4,336 pieces of evidence and formed nearly 50,000 pages of English transcripts of court proceedings.
代表英国出任法官的苏格兰人威廉·唐纳·帕特里克勋爵，同中国法官梅汝璈、检察官向哲濬等人一道，经过艰苦较量，揭露日本军国主义在亚洲多国犯下的战争暴行，判定日本军国主义发动侵略战争，从国际法层面确认了日本在二战中殖民侵略的非法性，把法西斯战犯永远钉在人类历史的耻辱柱上。帕特里克勋爵深厚的法律造诣、严谨的逻辑以及对维护国际法原则的坚持，对现代国际法的发展留下了深远影响。
Representing the United Kingdom, the Scottish judge Lord William Donald Patrick worked alongside Chinese judge Mei Ju-ao, prosecutor Xiang Zhejun, and others. Through a grueling legal battle, they brought to light the wartime atrocities of Japanese militarism in Asian countries, ruled that militarist Japan waged a war of aggression, and condemned the Fascist war criminals to perpetual infamy. Lord Patrick’s profound legal expertise, rigorous work ethic, and steadfast commitment to upholding the principles of international law have left a profound and lasting impact on the development of modern international law.
（一）早年岁月与法学启蒙
Early Life and Legal Roots
图：苏格兰北艾尔郡达尔赖旧照
Old photograph of cottage and houses in Dalry, North Ayrshire, Scotland.
1889年12月，帕特里克出生于苏格兰北艾尔郡达尔赖。受到父亲任艾尔郡法院书记官（Sheriff Clerk）一职的熏陶，帕特里克自幼便展现出对逻辑与法律的浓厚兴趣。他在格拉斯哥度过青年时代，在格拉斯哥大学获文学硕士和法学学士学位。1913年，帕特里克通过考核加入苏格兰辩护律师协会，正式开启律师生涯。
In December 1889, Patrick was born in Dalry, North Ayrshire, Scotland. Growing up under the influence of his father, who served as the Sheriff Clerk for Ayrshire, Patrick developed an early fascination with logic and the law. He spent his youth in Glasgow, eventually earning both a Master of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Glasgow. In 1913, he passed his examinations and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates, officially launching his career as a lawyer.
（二）一战洗礼
Tested by the World War I
图：一战中英国空军用于西线战场的战斗机
Image:British fighter aircraft introduced on the Western Front in the summer of 1917 during the World War I.
正当帕特里克准备在苏法律界大展拳脚时，1914年，一战爆发了。面对国家的征召，年轻的他毅然脱下了律师长袍，选择投笔从戎。他志愿加入了当时尚属新兴军种的皇家飞行队，即英国皇家空军的前身。1917年10月至1918年3月的短短数月间，帕特里克在战况最为激烈的西线战场驾驶战斗机击落7架敌机，成为当时名副其实的“空战王牌飞行员”。
Just as Patrick was getting ready to make his mark on the Scottish legal landscape, World War I broke out in 1914. Answering his country's call, the young lawyer traded his legal robes for a military uniform. He volunteered for the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), the predecessor to the Royal Air Force (RAF). Between October 1917 and March 1918, during some of the most intense aerial combat on the Western Front, Patrick shot down seven enemy aircraft, earning the prestigious title of "Air Ace."
1918年4月，帕特里克驾座机执行任务时不幸被击落，奇迹般地在迫降中生还。他在霍尔茨明登战俘营度过数月，直到1918年底停战协议签署后返回英国。
In April 1918, his plane was shot down during a mission. Miraculously, he survived the crash landing, but spent the next several months behind bars at the Holzminden prisoner-of-war camp. He was finally released and returned to the UK after the Armistice was signed at the end of 1918.
（三）远东国际军事法庭的英国代表
Representing Britain at the Tokyo Trials
回到苏格兰的帕特里克换回辩护律师长袍。一战的生死考验让他变得更沉稳、敏锐，迅速在苏法律界声名鹊起。1933年，帕特里克正式获封御用大律师，跻身英国最顶尖的诉讼律师行列。1937年，他全票当选苏格兰辩护律师协会会长。1939年，他登上了苏格兰最高法院的法官席位，获封“帕特里克勋爵”。
Back in Scotland, Patrick put his advocate's robes back on. The life-and-death stakes of the war had sharpened his mind and steadied his resolve, and he quickly became one of the most prominent figures in the Scottish legal community. In 1933, Patrick was officially appointed King's Counsel (QC), cementing his place among the UK's elite trial lawyers. In 1937, he was unanimously elected Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, and by 1939, he ascended to the bench of the Supreme Courts of Scotland, earning the title "Lord Patrick."
1946年初，面对世界反法西斯同盟审判日本军国主义的迫切诉求，这位时年56岁、声望极高的苏格兰大法官代表英国远征东京，在面临国际政治压力与复杂法理思辩的法律战场上，作出了经得起历史检验的杰出贡献。
In early 1946, as the Anti-Fascist Coalition moved to prosecute Japanese militarists, the highly respected 56-year-old Scottish judge was chosen to represent the UK in Tokyo. In a highly charged arena shaped by intense international politics and complex legal debates, he made contributions that would permanently shape international law.
（四）捍卫对“破坏和平罪”的管辖权与合法性
Defend jurisdiction and legitimacy over "Crimes against Peace"
东京审判初期，辩方律师和个别持异议的法官提出强烈质疑，认为在1937年卢沟桥事变或1941年太平洋战争爆发前，国际法并未明确将“策划侵略战争”定义为个人刑事犯罪，因此指控战犯“破坏和平罪”违反了“法无明文不罚”的非溯及既往原则。
Early in the Tokyo Trials, defense lawyers and a few dissenting judges raised sharp objections. They argued that before the Lugou Bridge Incident in 1937 or the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, international law did not explicitly recognize "planning an aggressive war" as an individual crime. Therefore, they argued that prosecuting war criminals for "Crimes against Peace" violated the principle of non-retroactivity (no crime without law).
帕特里克勋爵站在了捍卫纽伦堡审判成果的最前线。他坚信，通过国际法庭维护国际法治和人类和平具有至高无上的重要性。他积极联合中国、美国、新西兰等国法官，形成了一个坚定的多数派核心，指出《非战公约》（1928年）早已宣布侵略战争非法，战犯个人绝不能躲在“国家行为”的盾牌后逃脱惩罚。他起草并发表的法理意见书，成功捍卫了“侵略即犯罪”这一现代国际法的核心基石。
Lord Patrick stood firmly at the forefront of defending the legal precedents set by the Nuremberg Trials. He believed that using an international tribunal to uphold global peace and the rule of law was paramount. Banding together with judges from China, the United States, New Zealand, and other nations, he helped form a solid majority. This group pointed out that the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact had already outlawed aggressive war, and that individuals could not hide behind the shield of "acts of state" to escape punishment. The legal opinions he drafted successfully preserved the core foundation of modern international law that aggression is a crime.
（五）法庭多数派判决书的关键起草者
Key Drafter of the tribunal's "Majority Judgment"
帕特里克勋爵不仅在法庭上敏锐地对东条英机等被告进行交叉盘问，还在幕后发挥了卓越的文字与法理功底。他是东京审判“多数派判决书”的核心起草人之一，用严谨、客观且极具说服力的苏格兰法学逻辑，梳理了日本军国主义自1931年九一八事变至1945年投降期间的殖民侵略，包括日军在南京大屠杀、马尼拉大屠杀以及对待盟军战俘如巴丹死亡行军时的残暴罪行，论证了被告作为“共同犯罪集团”的罪责。
Beyond his sharp courtroom cross-examinations of defendants like Hideki Tojo, Lord Patrick was a vital force behind the scenes. He was one of the primary authors of the tribunal's "Majority Judgment." Employing the rigorous and persuasive logic of the Scottish legal tradition, the judgment meticulously detailed Japan's military and colonial aggression from the 1931 September 18th Incident to its surrender in 1945. It documented atrocities like the Nanjing Massacre, the Manila Massacre, and the brutal treatment of Allied prisors of war including the Bataan Death March, proving that the defendants operated as part of a "joint criminal enterprise."
他特别指出，松井石根等高级将领，在明知部下发生暴行的情况下“未采取有效措施予以阻止”，同样构成严重的战争罪，最终其因在南京大屠杀事件中的行径被判处死刑。这一判决确立了“国际法史上最早的一个指挥责任的案例”。
Lord Patrick explicitly emphasized that senior commanders like Iwane Matsui, who knew their troops were committing atrocities but "failed to take effective measures to stop them," were just as guilty of war crimes. Ultimately, Iwane Matsui was sentenced to death for his role in the Nanjing Massacre. This landmark ruling established the very first precedent for "command responsibility" in international legal history.
（六）正义的终宣 历史不容忘却
History Must Not Be Forgotten
图：远东国际军事法庭庭审现场
Image: courtroom scene of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East.
1948年11月12日，历时两年半的东京审判迎来宣判。以帕特里克勋爵参与起草的多数派判决书为依据，法庭最终判处东条英机、土肥原贤二、松井石根、板垣征四郎等7名甲级战犯绞刑，另有16人被判处无期徒刑。
On November 12, 1948, the Tokyo Trials drew to a close after two and a half years of proceedings. Based on the Majority Judgment that Lord Patrick helped draft, the tribunal ultimately sentenced seven Class-A war criminals to death by hanging, including Hideki Tojo, Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, and Seishiro Itagaki, while 16 others were sentenced to life imprisonment.
东京审判审的是人类良知，判的是历史公正，其所承载的历史正义不容否定，法律效力不容挑战，奠定的战后国际秩序基石不容撼动。接受东京审判判决是战后日本回归国际社会的前提。任何人、任何势力如果不自量力，企图为侵略翻案，必将遭到全世界爱好和平人们的坚决抵制，必将被再次押上历史的审判台。
The Tokyo Trials, a litmus test of humanity’s conscience, delivered historical justice. The historical justice embodied in the Trials must not be denied, its legal authority must not be challenged, and the foundations of the post-war international order established through it must not be undermined. Accepting the judgement of the Tokyo Trials is the prerequisite for Japan’s postwar return to the international community. Should anyone or any force foolishly attempt to reverse the verdict of aggression, they will be pushed back by all peace-loving people in the world and brought once again before the tribunal of history.
回到爱丁堡后，帕特里克勋爵因其不朽功勋，于1949年被英国国王任命为枢密院顾问官，1950年当选爱丁堡皇家学会院士，并蝉联苏格兰最高法院法官至1963年退休。
Upon his return to Edinburgh, Lord Patrick was appointed a Privy Counsellor by King George VI in 1949 in recognition of his monumental service. In 1950, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE), and he continued to serve as a judge on the Supreme Courts of Scotland until his retirement in 1963.
1967年2月，威廉·唐纳·帕特里克勋爵在爱丁堡安详逝世，享年77岁。他在东京留下的正义足迹，与人类为反对侵略、维护和平、伸张正义所做努力一道，永远镌刻在了国际法的历史丰碑之中。他的一生，交织着蓝天之上的英勇与法庭之上的正义，是20世纪苏格兰精神的杰出代表。
In February 1967, Lord William Donald Patrick passed away peacefully in Edinburgh at the age of 77. The footprints of justice he left behind in Tokyo, alongside humanity’s efforts to oppose aggression, safeguard peace and uphold justice inscribed in the annals of world legal history. Woven from bravery in the skies and justice in the courtroom, his life stands as an outstanding testament to the Scottish spirit in the 20th century.
